Simultaneous deep brain stimulation (DBS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is critical for understanding the functional neural networks and the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of DBS therapies. Conventional DBS electrodes typically lead to severe distortion of the surrounding magnetic field, which creates large artifacts in MR images and thus impedes the functional investigation of DBS-fMRI. 

　　 Recently, collaboration between Dr. DUAN Xiaojie’s group from Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University and Dr. LIANG Zhifeng’s group from the Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, CAS, has led to a novel MRI compatible, graphene fiber DBS electrode. Using a Parkinsonian rat model, this novel electrode achieved full activation pattern mapping by simultaneous deep brain stimulation and fMRI, and revealed close relationship between fMRI activation and DBS therapeutic improvement.  

　　This novel graphene fiber DBS electrode has 70 times more charge injection capacity than clinical platinum-iridium (PtIr) electrodes, and exhibits much smaller artifacts in both T2 weighted structural images and T2* weighted functional echo planar images (Figure 1) at a high field of 9.4-Tesla. In addition, this electrode shows high stability under continuous overcurrent pulsing. Using this graphene fiber DBS electrode, subthalamic nucleus (STN) was stimulated as the DBS target in a Parkinsonian rat model, which significantly improved rats’ motor ability and reduced the motor deficit. 

　　        Figure 1. High MRI compatibility of graphene fiber electrode （Image by CEBSIT）

The above unique advantage of this novel DBS electrode enabled full activation pattern mapping using simultaneous DBS and fMRI, including the DBS target (STN) itself. The fMRI activation amplitudes of several key brain regions were found to be closely associated with mobile speed improvement, including STN, motor cortex, internal globus pallidus (GPi), external globus pallidus (GPe) and caudate putamen (CPu) (Figure 2). The above result suggests that the therapeutic effect of STN DBS in Parkinson’s disease may be achieved by both orthodromic and antidromic effect of electrical stimulation.  

　　Figure 2. Simultaneous DBS-fMRI using graphene fiber electrode in Parkinsonian rats revealed close relationship between fMRI activation and DBS therapeutic effects.  （Image by CEBSIT）

　　This work was published in Nature Communicationon April 14, 2020 (DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15570-9). Graduate students ZHAO Siyuan and Li Gen from Peking University were co-first authors, and Dr. DUAN Xiaojie and Dr. LIANG Zhifeng were co-corresponding authors. This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ministry of Science and Technology of the People′s Republic of China. 

　　AUTHOR CONTACT: 

　　LIANG Zhifeng

　　enter for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.  

　　E-mail: zliang@ion.ac.cn@ion.ac.cn